ISIN to LEI mapping
Within hundreds of thousands of companies, two primary identifiers are used in finance. The first is The International Securities Identification Number, or ISIN, and the second is The Legal Entity Identifier, an LEI. These identifiers have a lot in common; they’re both used to increase transparency and are made up of alphanumeric digits with check numbers. The difference between them lies in their purpose. Combining the two codes, ISIN and LEI mapping, it’s possible to map out the global financial system and bring a level of security to the markets that used to be unimaginable.
The International Securities Identification Number (ISIN)
ISIN was first introduced in 1981, but it took another decade to endorse it after the G30 country’s recommendation fully. The ISIN number (structure defined in ISO 6166), is a globally recognised identifier used for recognising particular financial instruments like securities, bonds, stocks, trusts, futures, to name a few. In 2004, the European Union mandated using instrument identifiers in some of its regulatory reporting, which included ISIN as one of the valid identifiers. The ISIN is an extended version of the US Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures (CUSIP number).
From there, nations, specifically in the EU, adopted the ISIN as its primary identification number for financial instruments. An ISIN can be obtained from National Numbering Agencies (NNAs). The Association of Numbering Agencies (ANNA) is the overseeing Registration Authority of the ISIN. It is devoted to using standard identifiers to create a safer, stable, and efficient environment for investors and the financial institutions that serve them.
The ISIN code consists of 12 characters:
- The first two characters are taken up by the alpha-2 country code, which is issued following the international standard ISO 3166 of the country where the issuer of securities (other than debt securities) is registered or in which it has legal domicile. In the case of depository receipts, such as American depository receipts (ADRs), the country code is the organization that issued the receipt, not the one that issued the underlying security.
- The security’s local numbering code is nine characters long. When the national number is less than nine characters long, zeros are used instead to fill the nine spaces.
- The final character is a check digit computed using the modulus 10 “Double-Add-Double” formula.
For ISINs of the OTC derivatives, which will be allocated by a single global numbering agency, the initial two digits use a custom “EZ” code. The ISIN will be generated de novo without referencing previous or other codes.
The Legal Entity Identifier (LEI)
The Global LEI System (GLEIS) grew out of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) when the need for greater transparency and security became apparent. GLEIS ensures the straightforward, unambiguous identification of participants in financial transactions. The basis of GLEIS is ISO 17442, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This standard defines the details of clear legal recognition (LEI) in identifying the relevant legal identities taking part in a financial transaction. So this time the identifier was not used for identifying financial instruments, but the market participants involved in financial transactions, the “legal entities”.
It had been challenging to identify individual entities, particularly if the company was international, had multiple branches worldwide, or had complex funding structures. You never knew which one was engaged in any given transaction.
An example of a legal entity that may obtain an LEI code is a Limited Company or partnership, a fund, or a trust – any company listed on a stock exchange or engaging in the transactions of securities (that may possess an ISIN) and OTC Derivatives. Similar to ANNA, The Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF) is the organization responsible for implementing the LEI and keeping an eye on the execution of the GLEIS.
Advantages of the Global LEI System
This global system benefits the economy by providing standardized data on companies trading worldwide. The best part is that the public database forms an index of legal entities and is easily accessible to everyone free of charge through LEI search.
Consequently, the database has greatly simplified dealing with international clients as there’s no need for a time-consuming background check where previously the only information being relied upon was the company’s own internet presence and local registry listings, often leading to hours of translating and web browsing with little confidence of the authenticity, reducing the risk of fraud and allowing banks to spot money laundering easier and faster.
The LEI code consists of 20 characters:
- The first 4 characters are unique to the LOU, which has issued the LEI.
- The 5th and 6th characters are the same – 0 for every company.
- The following 12 characters are letters and numbers unique for each company.
- The final two characters are known as the checking characters.
- An LEI code will be issued to each company once. The code search will reveal crucial information based on the entity’s ownership structure. As such, it can be used to establish ‘who is who’ and ‘who owns whom.’ Hence, essentially, an LEI search will provide you with access to a global directory of participants in the financial market.
ISIN to LEI mapping
On September 4th, 2018, ANNA and GLEIF launched a new initiative linking ISINs with their corresponding LEIs. This means that tradable financial assets (securities) can be linked to the legal entities purchasing, issuing, and selling that security. This is recognized as a huge step forward in aggregating the data required to analyze risk exposure accurately. The Financial Stability Board (FBS), as well as the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), have recently endorsed the initiative. Critical importance lies in the accuracy of the data to operate a successful ISIN to LEI mapping.
GLEIF has established a certification process where organizations can link their LEIs to corresponding ISINs (ISIN to LEI mapping). Early adopters have begun the mapping process, which makes the mapped identifiers available for download via CSV or PDF file. Today, customized data mappings are available for banks, insurance companies, and pension schemes. Eventually, this will generate remarkable advantages for the wider business community by simplifying and globalizing a method of validating organizations and mapping identifiers. This information can be used to understand organizational identity and hierarchy on a grander scale, contributing to newer technological innovations like blockchain.
The daily ISIN to LEI mapping files are publicly available on the GLEIF website and, to date, include new ISINs issued by early-mover NNAs. The advantages of ISIN over LEI mapping are enormous. By attaching an LEI to security, finance institutions can distinctly spot trends and analyze odd activities—all while protecting market participants from cases of attempted fraud and market abuse.
